By the end of the 1950s, virtually all "corrective labor camps" were reorganized, mostly into the system of corrective labor colonies. In 1954, a year after Stalin's death, the new Soviet government of Nikita Khrushchev began to release political prisoners and close down the camps. The Soviet Union took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the Gulag to run the camps. Main articles: Correctional labour camp and Gulag Imperial Russia operated a system of remote Siberian forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, called katorga. Hundreds of thousands of people died as a direct result of the overwork, malnutrition, preventable disease and violence which were commonplace on these projects. Imperial Japan During the early 20th century, the Empire of Japan used the forced labor of millions of civilians from conquered countries and prisoners of war, especially during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, on projects such as the Death Railway. The Nazi camps played a key role in the extermination of millions.
See List of German concentration camps for more. A notable example is the Mittelbau-Dora labor camp complex that serviced the production of the V-2 rocket. They also operated concentration camps, some of which provided free forced labor for industrial and other jobs while others existed purely for the extermination of their inmates. By 1944, 19.9% of all workers were foreigners, either civilians or prisoners of war. The largest number of them held Jewish civilians forcibly abducted in the occupied countries (see Łapanka) to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. Registration of Jews by Nazis for forced labor, 1941 During World War II the Nazis operated several categories of Arbeitslager (Labor Camps) for different categories of inmates. Italian Libya During the colonisation of Libya the Italians deported most of the Libyan population in Cyrenaica to concentration camps and used the survivors to build in semi-slave conditions the coastal road and new agricultural projects. Also between 19 many men were considered "politically unreliable" for compulsory military service, and were conscripted to labour battalions (Czech: Pomocné technické prapory (PTP)) instead. About half of the prisoners worked in the uranium mines. The inmates included political prisoners, clergy, kulaks, Boy Scout leaders and many other groups of people that were considered enemies of the state. Czechoslovakia After the communists took over Czechoslovakia in 1948, many forced labor camps were created. Xinjiang internment camps Cuba Beginning in November 1965, people classified as "against the government" were summoned to work camps referred to as " Military Units to Aid Production" (UMAP). May Seventh Cadre Schools are an example of Cultural Revolution-era labor camps. Many leaders of China were put into labor camps after purges, including Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi. The Chinese Communist Party has operated many labor camps for some crimes at least since taking power in 1949. China The anti-communist Kuomintang operated various camps between 19, including the Northwestern Youth Labor Camp for young activists and students. Main article: Forced labour camps in Communist Bulgaria Burma According to the New Statesman, Burmese military government operated, from 1962 to 2011, about 91 labour camps for political prisoners.
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